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PMS / Premenstrual Syndrome
What is premenstrual syndrome?
Most women experience some unpleasant or uncomfortable symptoms
during their menstrual cycle. For some women, the symptoms
are significant, but of short duration and not disabling.
Other women, however, may have one or more of a broad range
of symptoms that temporarily disturb normal functioning. These
symptoms may last from a few hours to many days. The types
and intensity of symptoms vary in individuals. This group
of symptoms is referred to as premenstrual syndrome, or PMS.
Although the symptoms usually cease with onset of the menstrual
period, in some women, symptoms may last through and after
their periods.
What are the symptoms of PMS?
The following are the most common symptoms of premenstrual
syndrome, however, each individual may experience symptoms
differently. Symptoms may include:
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mood alteration and psychological
effects
- irritability
- nervousness
- lack of control
- agitation
- anger
- insomnia
- difficulty in concentrating
- lethargy
- depression
- severe fatigue
- anxiety
fluid retention
- edema
- periodic weight gain
- oliguria (diminished urine formation)
- breast fullness and pain
respiratory problems
eye complaints
- visual disturbances
- conjunctivitis
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gastrointestinal symptoms
- bloating
- constipation
- nausea
- vomiting
- changes in appetite
- pelvic heaviness or pressure
- backache
skin problems
- acne
- neurodermatitis (skin inflammation with itching)
- aggravation of other skin disorders
neurologic and vascular symptoms
- headache
- vertigo
- syncope (fainting)
- numbness, prickling, tingling, or heightened sensitivity of arms, legs
- easy bruising
- heart palpitations
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What causes PMS?
Premenstrual syndrome seems to be related to fluctuations
in estrogen and progesterone. The following has been suggested
as possible causes of PMS:
- estrogen-progesterone imbalance
- hyperprolactinemia (excessive secretion of prolactin, the hormone that stimulates breast development)
- excessive aldosterone, or ADH (hormone that functions in the regulation of the metabolism of sodium, chloride,and potassium)
- carbohydrate metabolism changes
- retention of sodium and water by the kidneys
- hypoglycemia (low blood-glucose)
- allergy to progesterone
- psychogenic factors
Treatment for PMS:
Specific treatment for PMS will be determined by your physician(s)
based on:
- your overall health and medical history
- extent of the disorder
- your tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies
- expectations for the course of the disorder
- your opinion or preference
In addition to a complete medical history and physical examination,
counseling with your physician regarding symptoms can increase
understanding and lead to activities for stress management.
Other possible treatment protocols for managing premenstrual
syndrome symptoms may include:
- diuretic use prior to the time symptoms are usually noted - to reduce fluid retention
- oral contraceptives
- progesterone (hormone treatment)
- tranquilizers
- changing the diet to increase protein and decrease sugar and caffeine intake
- vitamin supplements
- regular exercise
- antidepressant medication
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